Current Surgical Concepts and the Rehabilitation for Shoulder, Hip and Knee Arthroplasty
 

Facts and Figures/Arthritis/Supplements

• Biomet, Inc. www.biomet.com. Retrieved 4/11/07.

• Depuy Orthopaedics. www.depuyorthopaedics.com. Retrieved 2008-2009.

• The Burden of Musculoskeletal Diseases in the United States: Prevalence, Societal and Economic Cost. Chapter 4: Arthritis and Related Conditions. American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons.  2008.

• Millett P, Gobezic R, Baykin R. Shoulder Osteoarthritis: Diagnosis and Management. American Family Physicians. 2008: 78; 5:605-611.

• Green A, Norris JR. Imaging Techniques for Glenohumeral Arthritis and Glenohumeral Arthroplasty. Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research. 1994; 7-17.

• Sperling JW et al. Shoulder Arthritis in Young Adults: Arthroscopy to Arthoplasty. Instructional course lectures 2000; 55:67-74.

• Global Information Inc Report 2007-The Boomer effect on the economy.

• Leeb, B.et al ., A Meta-analysis of Chondroitin Sulfate in the Treatment of OA. Journal of Rheumatology. 2000; 27:205-211.

• Divine,Jon G, Zazulak, Bohdanna, Hewett,T. Viscosupplementation for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review. Clinical Orthopaedics &Related Research. 2007; 455:113-122.(2)

• Kirkley A, Birmingham TB,Litchfield RB et al . A Randomized Trial of Arthroscopic Surgery for Osteoarthritis of the Knee. New Eng J Med. 2008; 359: 1097-1107.

Patient Education/Outcome

• Brady. The Patients Role in Rheumatology Care. Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 1998; 10: 146-151.

• Lorig et al. Health Education for Self Management in Patients . Arthritis and Rheumatism vol 36 (4) 1993.

• Ackerman IN,Bennell KL. Does Pre-operative Physiotherapy Improves Outcomes from Lower Limb Joint Replacement Surgery? A systematic review. 2004; 50:25-30.

• McDonald S, Hetrick SE, Green S. Pre-operative Education for Hip or Knee Replacement. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008; 4.

• Santavista N et al. Teaching of Patients Undergoing THR. Int J Nurs Stud 31 1994 (2) :135.

• Santaquida P et al. Patient Characteristics Affecting the Prognosis of Total Hip and Knee Joint Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review. Canadian Journal of Surgery. 2008; 51(6);428-436.

• Herbert R et al. Outcome Measures Outcomes, Not Effects of Intervention. Australi an J of Physio. 2005; 51:3-4.

• Khan F et al. Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation Programs Following Joint Replacement at the Hip and Knee in Chronic Arthropathy-Cochrane Systematic Reviews. 2008:Issue 2.

• Suda AJ et al .Are patient expectations of hip and knee arthroplasty fulfilled ? A prospective study of 130 patients. Orthopaedics. 2010; 33:76.

Diagnostics/Imaging

• Sher JS et al. The effect of Shoulder MRI on Clinical Decision Making. JSES. 1998; 7(3):205-209

Core/Kinetic Link

• Burkhart SS, Morgan CD, Kibler WB. Throwing Injuries in the Shoulder: The Dead Arm Revisted. Clin Sports Med. 2000; 19: 125-58.

• Allison GT, Morris SL. Transverse abdominis and core stability-has the pendelum swung? Br J Sports Med. 2008; 42:630-1.

• Kibler WB. The role of core stability in athletic function. Clinics in Sports Medicine . 2006;36 (3): 189-194.

• Allison GT, Morris SL, Lay B. Feedforward responses of transversus abdominis are directionally specific and act asymmetrically: implications for core stability theories. JOSPT. 2008; 38: 228-37.

• Morris SL, Lay B, Allison GT. Factor analysis of trunk muscle activation patterns to rapid arm raising. APA National Conference-15th Biennial Conference Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy Australia. Cairns. Queensland, Australia:2007.

Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

• Radnay et al. Total Shoulder Replacement Compared with Humeral Head Replacement for the Treatment of Primary Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis. A systematic Review. JSES. 2007; 16 (4): 396-402.

• Frankie M et al. The Reverse Shoulder Prosthesis for Glenohumeral Arthritis Associated with Severe Rotator Cuff Deficiency. A Minimum Two-year Follow-up Study of Sixty Patients. JBJS.2005; Aug; 87A(8): 1697-705.

• Boudreau S et al. Rehabilitation Following Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty. JOSPT. 2007; Dec; vol 37(12):734-742.

• Gerber et al. Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty. JAAOS.2009; May;vol 15(5):284-295.

• Ellenbecker TS, Bailie DS, Lamprecht D. Humeral Resurfacing Hemiarthroplasty with Meniscal Allograft in a Young Patient with Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis. JOSPT. 2008; 38(5):277-286.

• Wilcox RB, Arslanian LE, Millet PJ. Rehabilitation Following Total Shoulder Arthroplasty. JOSPT. 2005; 35(12):821-836.

• Godges J et al . The immediate effects of soft tissue mobilization with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on glenohumeral external rotation and overhead reach. JOSPT. 2003;33 (12):713-714.

Total Hip Arthroplasty

• Total Hip Replacement Protocol. Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Boston, Massachusetts.
  Dumbleton JH, Manley MT. Metal-on-Metal Total Hip Replacement: What Does the Literature Say?. J Arthroplasty. 2005; Sep; 20(6):822-3.

• Dimonaco M et al Rehabilitation after Total Hip Arthroplasty-A Systematic Review of Controlled Trials on Physical Exercise Programs. Eur J Phys Med Rehabil. 2009.

• Eggen J et al. Hip Abductor Fatigue Affects Knee Motion During the Landing Phase of a Drop Jump. J Athl Train. 2003; 38:S-22 Suppl.

• Gremeaux V et al. Low Frequency Electrical Muscle Stimulation Combined with Physical Therapy after THA: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008; 89 (12):2265-2273

• Galea MP et al. A Targeted Home and Center Based Exercise Program for People after THA: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008; 89(8):1442-1447.

• Press R. Physicians Debate the importance of learning curve for hip resurfacing. Orthopedics Today.2009;29:8.

Dislocations/Weight Bearing/Precautions

• Peak EL et al. The Role of Patient Restrictions in Reducing the Prevalence of Early Dislocation Following Total Hip Arthroplasty. JBJS. 2005; Feb;87(2): 247-253.

• Borne M. The Dislocating Hip: What to do, what to do? Journal of Arthroplasty. 2004; 19(4 Suppl 1 ) , 111-114.

• Von Knoch B et al. Late Dislocations after THA . JBJS Am. 2002; 84-A (11) :1949-1953.

• Talbot et al. Early Dislocation after THA: Are Post-op Restrictions Necessary ? J Arthroplasty. 2002; 17 (8), 32-40.

• Woolsen A. The Effects of Partial or Full Weight Bearing Ambulation after Cementless THA. J Arthroplasty. 2002; 17 (2), 820-825.

• Chan et al . Full Weight Bearing after Non-cemented THR is Compatible with Satisfactory Results. Int Orthop. 2003; 27 (2) , 94-97.

• Boden et al. No Adverse Effects of Early Weight Bearing after Uncemented THA: A Randomized Study of 20 Patients. Acta Orthop Scand. 2004; 75 (1),21-29.

• Soong M et al. Dislocation after Total Hip Arthroplasty. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2004; vol 12 #5; Sept/Oct:314-321.

• Gremeaux V et al. Low Frequency Electrical Muscle Stimulation Combined with Physical Therapy after THA : A Randomized Controlled Trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008; 89 (12):2265-2273.

• Galea MP et al. A Targeted Home –and Center-Based Exercise Program for People after THA: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008; 89(8): 1442-1447.

Gluteus Medius

• Presswood L et al . Gluteus Medius: Applied Anatomy, Dysfunction, Assessment and Progressive Strengthening. Strength and Conditioning Journal.2008, 30(5) : 41-53.

• Jacobs CA et al. Electromyographic Analysis of Hip Abductor Exercises Performed by a Sample of Total Hip Arthroplasty Patients. J Arthroplasty. 2008-published online Sept 1.

• Tyler et al. The Role of Hip Function in Patellofemoral Pain. AJSM. 2006; 34(4) 630-636

• Distefano LJ et al. Gluteal Muscle Activation During Common Therapeutic Exercises. JOSPT. 2009; 39 (7): 532-540.

• Grimaldi A et al. The Association Between Degenerative Hip Pathology and Size of the Gluteus Medius,Minimus and Piriformis. Manual Therapy. 2009; vol 14 #6 (12), 605-610.

Total Knee Arthroscopy

• AAHKS Position Statement on Computer Assisted Orthopaedic Surgery 2007-2008.
  Berend ME. Computer Assisted TKA: Greater Precision, Doubtful Clinical Efficacy: Affirms. Orthopedics. 2009;32:678.

• Mullaji A. Computer Assisted TKA: Greater Precision, Doubtful Clinical Efficacy: Opposes. Orthopedics. 2009;32:679.

• Colwell CW et al. Knee Forces During Recreational Activities After Total Knee Arthroplasty. AAOS Annual Meeting Podium Presentation 2008.

• Santaquida P et al. Patient Characteristics Affecting the Prognosis of Total Hip and Knee Joint Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review. Canadian Journal of Surgery. 2008; 51(6);428-436.

• Harmer AR et al. Land Based vs. Water Based Rehabilitation Following TKA: A Randomized Trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism. Feb 15, 2009; 61 (2): 184-191.

• Miller DW. Minimal incision surgery as a risk factor for early failure of Total Knee Replacement. Paper # 272. Presented at the AAOS 76th annual meeting, Feb 25-28,2009. Las Vegas, NV.

Quadriceps

• Meier et al Total Knee Arthroplasty:Muscle Impairments, Functional Limitations and Recommended Rehabilitation Approaches. JOSPT. 2008; 38 (5) 246-256.

• Mizner et al. Quadriceps Strength and the Time Course of Functional Recovery After Total Knee Arthroplasty. JOSPT. 2005; 35 (7) 424-436.

• Stevens JE et al. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation for Quadriceps Muscle Strengthening after Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Case Series. 2004; 34 21-29.

• Greene KA, Schurman JS. Quadriceps Muscle Function in Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty. J of Arthoplasty. 2008.

• Hart JM, Pietrosimone B, Hertel, J, Ingersoll CD. Quadriceps Activation Following Knee Injuries: A Systemic Review.J of Ath Train 2010; 45 (1):87-97

Return to Activity

• Nicholls M, Selby J, Hartford J. Athletic Activity After Total Joint Replacement. Orthopedics. Nov 2002; 25,11:1283-1287.

• Kuster, M. Exercise Recommendations after Total Joint Replacement: A Review of Current Literature and Proposal of Scientifically Based Guidelines. Sports Med. 2002; 32(7):433-445

• Klein G, Levine B, Hozack W, et al. Return to Athletic Activity After Total Hip Arthroplasty: Consensus Guidelines Based on a Survey of the Hip Society and American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons. J of Arthroplasty. 2007; 22(2):171-175

• Huch K, Muller K, Sturmer T, Brenner H, Puhl W, Gunther K. Sports activities 5 years After Total Knee or Hip Arthroplasty: the Ulm Osteoarthritis Study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005; 64:1715-1720.

Effective Examination of the Shoulder Complex: New Advances

Assessment

• McKenzie , R May S. The Human Extremities: Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy. Wellington, New Zealand 2000.

• Sahrmann, SA: Muscles Imbalances in the Orthopaedic and Neurological Patient. P 836 In Proceedings 10th International Congress of the World Confederation for Physical Therapy, Sydney, Australia, 1987.

• Sahrmann S. Diagnosis and Treatment of Movement Impairment Syndromes. St Louis, MO 2002.

• Ellman H, Gartsman GM. Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery and Related Procedures. Philadelphia, PA. Leadh Febiger. 1993.

• Mitchell K. et. al. Shoulder Motions During the Golf Swing in Made Amateur Golfers. JOSPT. 2003; 34:4. 196-203.

• Dillman CJ, Fleisig GS, Andrews JR. Biomechanics Of Pitching With Emphasis Upon Shoulder Kinematics. J of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 1993; 18(2):402-408.

• Donatelli, R. et al. Assessment Of Shoulder Strength In Professional Baseball Pitchers. J of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2000; 30(9), 544-551.

• Schenck RC, Rockwood CA, & Wirth MA. (1997). Throwing Injuries: Pinpointing The Problem, Offering Relief: In The Younger Athlete With Shoulder Pain, First Consider Instability. J of Musculoskeletal Medicine. 1997; 14(2):28-32, 34, 39-41.

• Tomberlain, J. Physical Diagnostic Test of the Shoulder: An Evidence Based Perspective. APTA Orthopedic Section Home Study Course. 11/12/2001.

• Magee, D. Orthopedic Physical Assessment. Philadelphia W.B. Saunders Co. 1987; pg. 77.

• Hoppenfeld, S. Physical Examination of the Spine and Extremities. Conn. Appleton-Century-Crofts. 1976; pg. 23.

• Mikesky, A. et. Al. Eccentric and Concentric Strength of the Shoulder and Arm Musculature in Collegiate Baseball Pitchers. Am J. Sports Med. 1995; 23(5): 638-642.

• Priest JD, Nagel, DA. Tennis Shoulder. Am J. Sports Med. 1976; 4:28-42.

• Tomerlain, J. Evaluations Treatment and Prevention of Shoulder Disorders: An Intergrated Approach. Course Notes 1996. Baltimore MD.

Biomechanics

• Sharkey MA, Marder RA. The Rotator Cuff Opposes Superior Translation of the Humeral Head. Am J Sports Med.1995; 23:270-275.

• Apreleva M, Parsons IM, Warner JT, Fu FH, Woo SL. Experimental Investigation of Reaction Forces at the Glenohumeral Joint During Active Abduction. J Shld Elb Surg. 2000; 9:409-417.

• Colachis, S.C. Jr. SB.  Effect of Suprascapular and Axillary Nerve Blocks on Muscle Force in Upper Extremity. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1971; 52: 22-29.

• Pagnani MJ et al. Role of the Long head of the Biceps Brachii in Glenohumeral Stability: A Biomachanical Study in Cadavera. JSES. 1996; Vol 5 issue 4:255-262.

Kinetic Link/Core

• Allison GT, Morris SL. Transversus Abdominis and Core Stability-Has the Pendulum Swung ? Br J Sports Med 2008; 42:630-1.

• Morris SL, Lay B, Allison GT. Factors Analysis of Trunk Muscle Activation Patterns to Rapid Arm Raising. APA National Conference-15th Biennial Conference Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy Australia. Cairins, Queensland, Australia: 2007.

• Kibler WB. The Role Of Core Stability In Athletic Function. Clinics In Sports Medicine. 2006; 36 (3):189-198.2006.

• Allison GT, Morris SL,Lay B. Feedforward Responses Of Transversus Abdominis Are Directionally Specific And Act Asymmetrically: Implications For Core Stability Theories. JOSPT 2008; 38:228-37.

• Kebaetse M, McClure P, Pratt N. Thoracic Position Effects on Shoulder Range of Motion, Strength, and Three-Dimensional Scapular Kinematics. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999; Vol 80: 945-950.

• Beimborn, DS. Mossissey, MC.: A Reviews of Literature Related to Trunk Muscle Performance. Spine 1988; 13:655.

• Kibler,W.B. Biomechanical Analysis Of The Shoulder During Tennis Activities. Clinical Sports Med. 1995; 14:79-85.

• Kibler,W.B. Shoulder Rehabilitation: Principles And Practice. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.1998; Vol.30,NO. 9 Suppl., pp. S40-S50.

• McMullen, J . Uhl T. A Kinetic Chain Approach for Shoulder Rehabilitation. Journal of Athletic Training. 2000; 35(3): 329-337.

• Burkhart SS, Morgan CD, & Kibler WB. (2000). Shoulder Injuries In Overhead Athletes: The Dead Arm Revisited. Clinics in Sports Medicine; 19(1), 125-128.

• Kibler W.B., Press J., Sciasscia A. The Role Of Core Stability In Athletic Function. Sports Medicine. 2006; 36(3): 189-198.

• Wilson J.D., Dougherty C.P., Ireland M.L., Ireland M.D. Core Stability And Its Relationship To Lower Extremity Function And Injury. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2005; 13:316-325.

• Panjabi M.M. The Stabilizing System Of The Spine. Part II. Neutral Zone And Stability Hypothesis. Journal of Spinal Disorders. 1992; 230; 20-4.

• Bergmark A. Stability Of Lumbar Spine. A Study In Mechanical Engineering. Acta Orthopaedic of Scandinavia. 1989; 230; 20-4.

• Cordo P.J., Nashner L.M. Properties Of Postural Adjustments With Rapid Arm Movements. Journal of Neurophysiology. 1982; 47(2): 287-308.

• Kibler, W.B. Biomechanical Analysis Of The Shoulder During Tennis Activities. Clinical Sports Medicine. 1995; 14:79-85.

• Clark, M. Core Training. 56th Annual Meeting and Clinical Symposium. NATA. Indianapolis, IN. June 12-16 2005.

• Zattara M, Bouisset S. Posturo-Kinetic Organisation During The Early Phase Of Voluntary Upper Limb Movement , 1:Normal Subjects. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988; 55:956-965.

• Smith J, Dahm DL, Kotajarvi BR, Boom AJ, Laskowski ER, Jacofsky DJ, Kaufman KR. Electromyographic Activity in the Immobilized Shoulder Girdle Musculature During Ipsilateral Kinetic Chain Exercises. Arch Phys Med & Rehabil. 2007; 88(11): 1377-83.

Manual Therapy

• Ho C-YC,Sole G, Munn J. The Effectiveness Of Manual Therapy In The Management Of Musculoskeletal Disorders Of The Shoulder: A Systematic Review. Manual Therapy. 2009; Oct 14(5),463-474.

• Trampas A,Kitsio A. Exercise And Manual Therapy For The Treatment Of Impingement Syndrome Of The Shoulder :A Systematic Review. Physical Therapy Reviews. 2006; Jun 11(2): 125-142.

• Senbursa et al. Comparison Of Conservative Treatment With And Without Manual Physical Therapy For Patients With Shoulder Impingement Syndrome: A Prospective , Randomized Clinical Trial. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2007; 15:915-921.

• Godges et al. The Immediate Effects Of Soft Tissue Mobilization WITH Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation ON Glenohumeral External Rotation AND Overhead Reach. JOSPT. 2003; 33 (12): 713-718.

• Johnson, A. Godges, J. Zimmerman, G. Ounanian, L. The Effect Of Anterior Verses Posterior Glide Joint Mobilization On External Rotation Range Of Motion In Patients With Shoulder Adhesive Capsulitis. J. Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2007; 37: 88-99.

• Uhthoff, H.K.; Sano, H. Pathology Of Failure Of The Rotator Cuff Tendon. Orthopedic Clinicals Of North America. 1997; 28:(1)31-41.

• Harryman D, et al, Translation Of The Humeral Head On The Glenoid With Passive Glenohumeral Motion. J Bone and Jt Surg (Am). 1990; 72:1334-1343.

• Howell et al, Normal And Abnormal Mechanics Of The Gleno-Humeral Joint In The Horizontal Plane. J Bone and Jt Surg (Am). 1988; 70:227-232.

• Akeson WH, Amiel D, Abel MF, Garfin, SR, Woo S L-Y. Effects of Immobilization on Joints. Clin Ortho Relat Research. 1987; 219:28-37.

• Castellarin G, Ricci M, Vedovi E, et al. Manipulation and arthroscopy under general anesthesia rehabilitative treatment for frozen shoulders. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85(8):1236-1240.

• Farrell CM, Sperling JW, Cofield RH. Manipulation for frozen shoulder: long term results. J Shld Elbow Surg 2005 ; 14(5):480-484.

• Griggs et al. Idiopathic adhesive capsulitis. A prospective functional outcome study of non-operative treatment. JBJS 2000 82-A (10): 1398-1407

• Vermeulen HM, Rozing PM, Obermann WR, et al. Comparison of high load vs. low load grade mobilization techniques in the management of adhesive capsulitis-randomized controlled trials 2006;86(3): 355-368

• Cleland J ,Durall C. Physical Therapy for Adhesive Capsulitis-systematic review. Physiotherapy 2002; 88(8):450-457

Special Tests

• Kim, S.J. KH. Reliability Of The Anterior Drawer Test And The Lachman Test. Clinical Orthopedics. 237-242.

• Gerber, C. and Ganz, R. Clinical Assessment Of The Shoulder With Specific Reference To Anterior And Posterior Drawer Tests. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery Br. 1984; 66:551-556.

• McFarland, E.G.; McDowell, C.G. Posterior Shoulder Laxity In Asymptomatic Athletes. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1996; 24:468-471.

• Rowe CR, Zarins B. Recurrent Transient Subluxation Of The Shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981; 63:863-872.

• Holtby R. et. Al. Validity of the Supraspinatus Test as a Single Clinical Tests in Diagnosing Patients with Rotator Cuff Pathology. JOSPT. 2004; 34:4, 194-199.

• Hovelius L, Eriksson K, Fredin H, et al. Recurrences After Initial Dislocation Of The Shoulder. Results Of A Prospective Study Of Treatment. J Bone Joint Surg. Am. 1983; 65:343-349.

• Cook C. Orthopedic Manual Therapy. 1st ed. New Jersey; Prentice-Hall. 2007; pp 221-293.

• Valadie AL III, Jobe CM, Pink MM, et al: Anatomy Of Provocative Tests For Impingement Syndrome Of The Shoulder. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2000; 9: 36-46.

• Park HB, Yokota A, Gill HS, El Rassi G, McFarland EG. Diagnostic Accuracy Of Clinical Tests For The Different Degrees Of Subacromional Impingement. J Bones Joint Surg. 2005; 87-A (7): 1446-1455.

• MacDonald PB, Clark P, Sutherland K. An Analysis Of The Diagnostic Accuracy Of The Hawkins And Neer Subacromional Impingement Tests. J Shld Elb Surg 2000; 9(4): 299-301.

• Calis M , Akgun K, Birtane M, Karacan I, Calis H, Tuzun F. Diagnostic Values Of Clinical Diagnostic Tests In Subacromial Impingement Syndrome. Ann Rheum Disease 2000 ; 59(1): 44-47.

• Hegedus EJ et al. Physical Tests of the Shoulder: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis of Individual Tests. Br. J. Sports Med. 2008; 42; 80-92.

Diagnostic Studies

• Miniaci A. Mascia AT, Salonen DC & Becker EJ. Magnetic Resonance Imagining Of The Shoulder In Asymptomatic Professional Baseball Pitchers. American J. of Sports Medicine. 2002; 30(1): 66-73.

• Hijioka, A; Suzuki, K; Nakumura, T. & Hojo, T. Degenerative Changes And Rotator Cuff Tears. An Anatomical Study In 160 Shoulders In 80 Cadavers. Archives of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery. 1993; 112:61-64.

• Peterson, C.J. Degeneration Of The Gleno-Humeral Joint. An Anatomical Study. ACTA Orthopedic Scandinavian Journal. 1983; 54:277-283.

• Dalldorf, Peter MD. Diagnostic Imaging of the Shoulder. Interview. 2004.

Rotator Cuff

• Gazielly DF. A Model Of Rehabilitation For Repair Of Rotator Cuff. Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on Surgery of the Shoulder. Stockholm Sweden: Elsevier. 1995; 455-467.

• Leffert R, Rowe C. Tendon Ruptures. Rowe CR, ed. The Shoulder. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. 1988; 146-148.

• Roddey et al. Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing 2 Instructional Approaches to HEP following Arthroscopic full-thickness Rotator Cuff Repair Surgery. JOSPT. 2002; 32:11.548-557.

GIRD

• Shoulder Symposium: Lexington, Kentucky 2008/2009-class notes.

• Haahr JP et al. Exercise Versus Arthroscopic Decompression in Patients with Subacromion Impingement: A Randomized Controlled Study in 90 Cases With One Year Follow-up. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005; 64:760-764.

• McClure, P. Balaicuis, J. Heilind,D. Broersma, M. Thorndike, C. Wood, A. A Randomized Controlled Comparison Stretching Procedure For Posterior Tightness. J. Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2007; 37: 108-114.

Cortisone Injection

• Koester, MC, Dunn WR, Kuhn JE, Spindler KP. The Efficacy of Subacromial Corticosteroid Injection in the Treatment of Rotator Cuff Disease: A Systematic Review. J Am Acad Ortho Surg. 2007; 15(1):3-11.

• Shah N, Lewis M. Shoulder Adhesive Capsulitis: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials Using Multiple Corticosteroid Injections. Br J Gen Pract. 2007; 57(541):662-667.
   

Impingement

• Ludewig, PM, Cook, TM. Translations Of The Humerus In Persons With Shoulder Impingement Symptoms. J Orthop Physical Therapy. 2002; 32, 248-259.

• Haahr JP et al. Exercise Versus Arthroscopic Decompression in Patients with Subacromion Impingement: A Randomized Controlled Study in 90 Cases With One Year Follow-up. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005; 64:760-764.

• Laudner et al. Scapular Dysfunction In Throwers With Pathologic Internal Impingement. J Orthop Physical Therapy. 2006; 36 485-494.

• Lo YP, Hsu YC, Chan Km. Epidemiology of Shoulder Impingement in Upper Arm Sports Events. Br. J. Sports Med. 1990; 24:173-177.

Shoulder Girdle

• Warner JP, Micheli LJ, Arslenian LE. Scapulothoracic Motion In Normal Shoulders And Shoulders With Glenohumeral Instability And Impingement Syndrome. Clinical Orthopaedics. 1992; 285:191-199.

Core

• Richardson C, Jull G Hodges P , et al: Traditional Views Of Function Of The Muscles Of The Local Stabilizing System Of The Spine, In : Therapeutic Exercise For Spinal Segmental Stabilization In Low Back Pain: Scientific Basis And Clinical Approach. Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone 1999; pp 21-40.

• Cresswell , AG Oddsson L, Thorstensson A: The Influences Of Sudden Perturbations On Trunk Muscle Activity And Intra-Abdominal Pressure While Standing. Exp Brain Res 1994; 98:336-341.

• Jull, G. Janda, V.: Muscles And Motor Control In Low Back Pain. Twomey, LT., Taylor, JR., “Physical Therapy For Low Back: Clinics In Physical Therapy”, Churchill Livingstone, New York 1987.

• Richardson, CA.: Toppenberg, R., Jull, G.: A Initial Evaluation Of Eight Abdominal Exercises For Their Ability To Provide Stabilization For The Lumbar Spine. Australian Journal Physiotherapy. 1990; 36:6.

• Kulas, A.,: Low Extremity Connection to the Core, 56th Annual Meeting and Clinical Symposium. NATA. Indianapolis, IN. 2005; June 12-16.

Tendinopathy

• Almekinders – NATA Clinical Symposium. 2005.

• Curwin SL, Stanish, WD: Tendonitis: It’s Etiology And Treatment. Toronto, Callamore Press. 1984.

• Alfredson H, Pietila T Jonsson P, et al. Eccentric Calf Muscle Training For The Treatment Of Chronic Tendinosis. Am J Sports Med 1998; 26(3):360-366.

Stretching

• Shrier I : Stretching Before Exercise Does Not Reduce The Risk Of Local Muscle Injury: A Critical Review Of Clinical And Basic Science Literature. Clin J Sports Med 1999; 9(4):221-227

• Thacker SB, Gilchrist J, Stroup DF, et al: The Impact Of Stretching On Sports Injury Risk: A Systematic Review Of The Literature. Med Sci Sports Exer. 2004; 36(3):371-78.

Sports Medicine

• Whiteside JA, Andrews JR, & Flesig GS. Elbow Injuries In Young Baseball Players. Physician And Sports Medicine 1999; 27(6):87-92, 102, 105-107.

• Barker S, & Barker A. Preventing Throwing Injuries To The Shoulder. Athletic Therapy Today 1997; 2(4):14-17, 28-29.